The Indian Army has once again resorted to emergency procurement (EP) to acquire critical Very Short Range Air Defence (VSHORAD) systems after multiple failed attempts to secure them through standard procurement channels. Since 2020, the Army has tried to finalize three deals for two different missile systems, aiming to acquire 88 launchers, 372 missiles, and associated equipment, but these efforts have been unsuccessful. VSHORAD systems play a vital role as the last line of defence against enemy aircraft and helicopters in a layered air defence network, a need that has been underscored by the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. Under emergency procurement provisions, the armed forces can acquire equipment worth up to ₹300 crore without additional approvals, ensuring deliveries begin within six months and conclude within a year of signing the contract. This mechanism has been used five times since 2016.

The emergency procurement process was first introduced by the Defence Ministry following the 2016 Uri terror attack. Since then, four rounds of such procurements have taken place: EP-1 in 2016, EP-2 after the 2019 Balakot air strike, EP-3 in 2020 during the border standoff with China, and EP-4 in 2022 to address critical capability gaps. The recently approved EP-5 focuses on acquiring counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism equipment. In December 2020, during heightened tensions with China in eastern Ladakh, the Army procured 24 Igla-S VSHORAD launchers, 216 missiles, and testing equipment from Russia’s ROSOBORONEXPORT, with deliveries completed by December 2021. Under EP-4, a ₹260 crore contract was awarded for additional Igla-S systems, including 48 launchers, 100 missiles, 48 night sights, and a missile testing station. These are being assembled in India by Adani Defence Systems And Technologies Limited (ADSTL) under a technology transfer arrangement, with deliveries scheduled to commence by May 2024.

Additionally, a deal was signed at Aero India 2025 between Thales UK and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) for the supply of StarStreak high-velocity missiles and launchers. This contract, valued at just under ₹300 crore, includes 16 launchers, 56 missiles, and a simulator, with deliveries expected this year under EP-4. However, the order has faced some delays. Meanwhile, the Indian Army is working towards developing an indigenous VSHORAD system through the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). The system has successfully completed development trials and is set to begin user trials in 2025. The Army plans to procure nearly 3,000 units to strengthen its air defence capabilities, particularly along sensitive borders. Equipped with advanced guidance, superior tracking, and enhanced target acquisition technologies, the indigenous system is designed to counter modern aerial threats, including drones and low-flying aircraft. DRDO has been actively working on the development of the VSHORAD system to enhance India’s immediate air defence capabilities. Recently, three consecutive successful flight trials were conducted at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur, Odisha, where the system effectively engaged high-speed, low-altitude targets mimicking drones with reduced thermal signatures. The VSHORAD system is designed to intercept targets at distances ranging from 250 meters to 6,000 meters and altitudes of up to 12,000 feet. The Indian Army plans to acquire 500 launchers and 3,000 missiles, while the Air Force and Navy are expected to procure 300 launchers and 1,800 missiles.

With the completion of development trials, user trials are set to begin in 2025. The system features advanced technologies, including a dual-thrust rocket motor and an uncooled infrared imaging seeker, which enhance its maneuverability and targeting capabilities. Meanwhile, a long-pending deal for over 5,000 VSHORAD missiles and associated launchers has remained stalled since 2010. In response, the Indian government is prioritizing indigenous production and plans to issue a fresh tender for local manufacturers soon. This aligns with the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, promoting self-reliance in defence manufacturing. In contrast, China and Pakistan have been strengthening their air defence capabilities. Since 2020, China has significantly expanded its firepower and air defences along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Pakistan, on the other hand, has procured FN-16 MANPADS from China, with nearly 500 missiles delivered so far. These developments reflect the rapidly evolving air defence landscape in the region, with an increasing focus on countering unmanned aerial systems and other low-altitude threats.

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